What are the causes of secondary Hypertension

As mentioned previously, 5% of people with hypertension have what is called secondary hypertension. This means that the hypertension in these individuals is secondary to (caused by) a specific disorder of a particular organ or blood vessel, such as the kidney, adrenal gland, or aortic artery.

Renal / kidney hypertension

Diseases of the kidneys can cause secondary hypertension. This type of secondary hypertension is called renal hypertension because it is caused by a problem in the kidneys. One important cause of renal hypertension is narrowing (stenosis) of the artery that supplies blood to the kidneys (renal artery). In younger individuals, usually women, the narrowing is caused by a thickening of the muscular wall of the arteries going to the kidney (fibromuscular hyperplasia).

What causes high blood pressure - Hypertension

Primary essential hypertension

For most adults, there's no identifiable cause of high blood pressure. This type of high blood pressure, called essential hypertension or primary hypertension, tends to develop gradually over many years.

Secondary hypertension

Some people have high blood pressure caused by an underlying condition. This type of high blood pressure, called secondary hypertension, tends to appear suddenly and cause higher blood pressure than does primary hypertension. Various conditions and medications can lead to secondary hypertension.

How is Hypertension - high blood pressure defined

Blood pressure can be affected by several factors, so it is important to standardize the environment when blood pressure is measured. For at least one hour before blood pressure is taken, avoid eating, strenuous exercise (which can lower blood pressure), smoking, and caffeine intake. Other stresses may alter the blood pressure and need to be considered when blood pressure is measured.

Even though most insurance companies consider high blood pressure to be 140/90 and higher for the general population, these levels may not be appropriate cut-offs for all individuals. Many experts in the field of hypertension view blood pressure levels as a range, from lower levels to higher levels.

What is Hypertension - High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure HBP or hypertension means high pressure (tension) in the arteries. Arteries are vessels that carry blood from the pumping heart to all the tissues and organs of the body. High blood pressure does not mean excessive emotional tension, although emotional tension and stress can temporarily increase blood pressure. Normal blood pressure is below 120/80, blood pressure between 120/80 and 139/89 is called "pre-hypertension", and a blood pressure of 140/90 or above is considered high.

The top number, the systolic blood pressure, corresponds to the pressure in the arteries as the heart contracts and pumps blood forward into the arteries. The bottom number, the diastolic pressure, represents the pressure in the arteries as the heart relaxes after the contraction. The diastolic pressure reflects the lowest pressure to which the arteries are exposed.

Prognosis and Prevention of Gangrene symptoms

Prognosis of Gangrene symptoms

Generally, people who have dry gangrene have the best prognoses because dry gangrene symptoms doesn't involve a bacterial infection and spreads more slowly than the other types of gangrene. However, when infected gangrene is recognized and treated quickly, the probability of recovery is good.

Older people, those who are immunocompromised, those who have underlying conditions, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis or some cancers, and those who have advanced cases of gangrene by the time that they seek treatment are most likely to suffer complications from gangrene symptoms.

Treatments and drugs of Gangrene symptoms

Tissue that has been damaged by gangrene can't be saved, but steps can be taken to prevent gangrene from progressing.

These treatments of Gangrene symptoms include:

• Surgery. Your doctor will remove the dead tissue, which helps stop gangrenefrom spreading and allows healthy tissue to heal. If possible, your doctor mayrepair damaged or diseased blood vessels in order to increase blood flow to theaffected area.A skin graft is a type of reconstructive surgery that may be used to treat gangrene that's caused extensive damage to your skin.

Tests and diagnosis Gangrene symptoms

Your doctor will likely ask you whether you've recently experienced any trauma, such as an injury or surgery, to the affected area of your body. You'll also talk about your medical history, including any chronic conditions, such as diabetes, which could lead to damaged blood vessels.

Tests and diagnosis Gangrene symptoms, tests used to help make a diagnosis of gangrene include:

• Blood tests. An abnormally elevated white blood cell count often indicates the presence of an infection.
• Imaging tests. An X-ray, a computerized tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan can be used to view interior body structures and assess the extent to which gangrene has spread.

Gangrene symptoms Risk factors

Risk factors for Gangrene are factors that do not seem to be a direct cause of the disease, but seem to be associated in some way. Having a risk factor for Gangrene makes the chances of getting a condition higher but does not always lead to Gangrene. Also, the absence of any risk factors or having a protective factor does not necessarily guard you against getting Gangrene.

For general information and a list of risk factors, Several factors increase your risk of developing gangrene. These include:

• Age. Gangrene occurs far more often in older people
• Diabetes. If you have diabetes, your body doesn't produce sufficient amounts of the hormone insulin (which helps your cells take up glucose) or is resistant to the effects of insulin.

Gangrene Symptoms Causes and Types

Gangrene Symptoms Causes and Types, Gangrene occurs when a body part your skin, muscle or even an organ loses its blood supply. The blood that feeds your tissues provides oxygen, nutrients to feed your cells and immune system components, such as antibodies, to ward off infections. Without a proper blood supply, your cells can't survive. Any process that affects blood flow an injury or an underlying condition or especially, a combination of the two can lead to gangrene.

The types of gangrene include:

Dry gangrene. is characterized by dry and shriveled skin ranging in color from brown to purplish blue to black. Usually, dry gangrene develops slowly. It occurs most commonly in people who have a blood vessel disease, such as atherosclerosis.

What is Gangrene symptoms

What is Gangrene symptoms? Gangrene refers to the decay and death of tissue resulting from an interruption in blood flow to a certain area of your body. Some types of gangrene also involve a bacterial infection. Gangrene most commonly affects the extremities, including your toes, fingers and limbs, but can also occur in your muscles and internal organs.

Your chances of developing gangrene are higher if you have an underlying condition that can damage your blood vessels and impede blood flow, such as diabetes or atherosclerosis. Treatments for gangrene include surgery to remove dead tissue, antibiotics and other approaches. The prognosis for recovery is good if gangrene is identified early and treated quickly.

Why is blood sugar checked at home

sugar

Why is blood sugar checked at home? Home blood sugar (glucose) testing is an important part of controlling blood sugar. One important goal of diabetes treatment is to keep the blood glucose levels near the normal range of 70 to 120 mg/dl before meals and under 140 mg/dl at two hours after eating. Blood glucose levels are usually tested before and after meals, and at bedtime.

The blood sugar level is typically determined by pricking a fingertip with a lancing device and applying the blood to a glucose meter, which reads the value. There are many meters on the market, for example, Accu-Check Advantage, One Touch Ultra, Sure Step and Freestyle. Each meter has its own advantages and disadvantages (some use less blood, some have a larger digital readout, some take a shorter time to give you results, etc). The test results are then used to help patients make adjustments in medications, diets, and physical activities.

How is diabetes diagnosed

What are Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms? How is diabetes diagnosed?

- The early symptoms of untreated diabetes are related to elevated blood sugar levels, and loss of glucose in the urine. High amounts of glucose in the urine can cause increased urine output and lead to dehydration. Dehydration causes increased thirst and water consumption.

- The inability of insulin to perform normally has effects on protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin is an anabolic hormone, that is, one that encourages storage of fat and protein.

- A relative or absolute insulin deficiency eventually leads to weight loss despite an increase in appetite.

What are the different types of Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms

the different types of Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms

What are the different types of Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms? There are two major types of diabetes, called type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes was also called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), or juvenile onset diabetes mellitus.

In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas undergoes an autoimmune attack by the body itself, and is rendered incapable of making insulin. Abnormal antibodies have been found in the majority of patients with type 1 diabetes. Antibodies are proteins in the blood that are part of the body's immune system. The patient with type 1 diabetes must rely on insulin medication for survival.

What causes Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms

What causes Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms, Insufficient production of insulin (either absolutely or relative to the body's needs), production of defective insulin (which is uncommon), or the inability of cells to use insulin properly and efficiently leads to hyperglycemia and diabetes. This latter condition affects mostly the cells of muscle and fat tissues, and results in a condition known as "insulin resistance." This is the primary problem in type 2 diabetes.

The absolute lack of insulin, usually secondary to a destructive process affecting the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas, is the main disorder in type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, there also is a steady decline of beta cells that adds to the process of elevated blood sugars.

What is the impact of Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms

What is the impact of Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms? Over time, diabetes can lead to blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage. These types of damage are the result of damage to small vessels, referred to as microvascular disease. Diabetes is also an important factor in accelerating the hardening and narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis), leading to strokes, coronary heart disease, and other large blood vessel diseases. This is referred to as macrovascular disease.

Diabetes affects approximately 17 million people (about 8% of the population) in the United States. In addition, an estimated additional 12 million people in the United States have diabetes and don't even know it.

What is Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms

Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms

What is Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms ?

Diabetes mellitus often simply referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. This high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger). 

Most of the times Diabetes is asymptomatic, however It is very important to diagnose as early as possible to prevent early and late complications of Diabetes. This is only possible, if you have some knowledge about common symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus.